Word+Usage

**   **   **    **   **    **  >>> **NOTES:** >>> >>> 1) **a, an**  >>> The article //a//  is used before consonant sounds; //an//  is used before vowel sounds. Words beginning with //h// , //o// , or //u//  can have either a consonant sound or vowel sound. >>> >>> 2) **accept vs. except** >>> Accept is a verb meaning "to receive." >>> Except is a preposition meaning "other than" or "leaving out." >>> Verb: Settlers of the western frontier accepted the harsh realities of frontier life. >>> Preposition: They easily found all the natural resources they needed except water and wood >>> >>> (3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**adapt vs. adopt** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Adapt means "to change." Adopt means "to take as one's own." >>> § Example: Easterners quickly learned to adapt. >>> § Example: Newcomers adopted the customs of neighbors. >>> >>> (4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**affect vs. effect** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Affec// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">t, almost always a verb, means "to influence." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Effect// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> may be used as a noun or as a verb. As a noun, it mean "result." As a verb, it means "to bring about" or "to cause." >>> o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Verb:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Natural disasters <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//affected// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the farmers' success. >>> o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Noun:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Settlers knew the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//effects// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of nature and tried to combat them. >>> o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Verb:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The tractor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//effected// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a drastic change in farming. >>> 5 .Ain't. Ain't was originally a contraction of am not, but it is no longer considered standard English. >>> >>> 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**all ready vs. already** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//All ready// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, two separate words used as an adjective, is an expression meaning "ready". <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Already// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and adverb, means "even now " or "by or before this time". >>> ADJECTIVE: The cowboys were <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//all ready// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for the cattle drive. >>> ADVERB: Many of them had <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//already// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> driven cattle north. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**7) all right vs. alright** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Alright// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is nonstandard spelling. Make sure you use the two-word form (all right). >>> >>> (8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**all together vs. altogether** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//All together// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "together as a single group." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Altogether// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "completely" or "in all." >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**EXAMPLES** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Cowhands had to work <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//all together// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to transport cattle over long distances. >>> They would fail <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//altogether// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> if they worked alone. >>> >>> 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**among vs. between** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Both of these words are prepositions. Among always implies three or more. Between is generally used only with two things. >>> Ex) Cows were branded so that the owners could pick out their cows from among crowds. Cowboys could transport the cows between the ranch and the railroad. >>> >>> 10. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**anxious vs. eager** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This adjective implies uneasiness, worry, or fear. Do not use it as a substitute for eager. >>> Less Acceptable: The cowboys were anxious to reach the next town. >>> Preferred: The cowboys were eager to reach the nest town. >>> The ranchers were anxious about cattle thieves. >>> >>> 11) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Never end these adverbs with an -s. >>> >>> NONSTANDARD: At first, the ranchers didn't use fences, so cattle could wander anywheres. >>> CORRECT: At first, ranchers didn't use fences, so cattle could wander anywhere. >>> >>> 12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**As to** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is awkward. Replace it with <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**about** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nonstandard: Miner had no worries as to the land. >>> Correct: Miners had no worries about the land. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**13) at:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Do not use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//at// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> after <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. simply eliminate it. >>> >>> NONSTANDARD: They didn't care <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they were at as long as they found precious metals. >>> CORRECT: They didn't care <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they were as long as they found precious metals. >>> >>> 14. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**awhile vs. a while** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Awhile is an adverb that means "for a while". It is never preceded by a preposition. A while is an article and a noun, usually used after prepositions such as for or after. >>> § Adverb: The miners stayed awhile and worked the mine. >>> § Noun: After a while, a boom town would grow up to serve the needs of a miner. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**bad vs. Badly** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bad is an adjective that means "incorrect," "ill," or "undesirable." Badly is an adverb that means "in a bad way," "or poorly." >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ADJECTIVE:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Miners papered their walls with newspapers to insulate themselves from bad winter. >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ADVERB:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Compared to today's insulation, the paper worked badly. >>> >>> >>> 17) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**being as vs. being that -** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Do not use either expression. Use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//because// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//since// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> instead. >>> >>> 18) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**beside vs. besides** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· Beside means "close to" or "at the side of." >>> · Besides means "in addition to." >>> o Examples >>> · Tombstone, Arizona, developed beside a mine. Besides mines, towns were started near transportation centers and major shipping points >>> >>> (19) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**bring vs. take** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Bring means "to carry from a distant place to a nearer one." Take means the opposite: "to carry from a near place to a more distant place." >>> § Example: Cowboys would bring cattle over thousands of miles to a town with a train station. >>> · Example: The trains would then take the cattle to the East, where they would be sold for food. >>> >>> 20) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**different from vs. different than ( different form is preferred.)** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Less Acceptable:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A transportation town was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//different than// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a mining town because it was usually more permanent. >>> · <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Preferred:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A transportation town was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//different from// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a mining town because it was usually more permanent. >>> >>> 21. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**doesn't vs. don't.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> Doesn't is the correct verb form for third person singular subjects. Don't is used with all other subjects. >>> Nonstandard: A town don't thrive without townspeople. >>> It don't seem very prosperous. >>> He don't want to stay if there is no work. >>> Correct: A town doesn't thrive without townspeople. >>> It doesn't seem very prosperous. >>> He doesn't want to stay if there is no work. >>> >>> (22) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**done** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the past participle of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//do// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, should always follow a helping verb. >>> NONSTANDARD: Merchants <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the job of supplying farmers, miners, and cowhands. >>> CORRECT: Merchants <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//have done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the job of supplying farmers, miners, and cowhands. >>> >>> >>> (23) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**due to** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to means caused by and should be used only when the word by can logically be substituted >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Nonstandard:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Due to the lack of natural resources, towns were often established in groups. >>> Correct: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**The establishment of towns in groups was due to the lack of natural resources.** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> >>> (24) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**farther vs. further** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Farther// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> refers to distance. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "to a greater degree or extent" or "additional." >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**EXAMPLES** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//farther// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> away a town was from transportation, the harder it was for people to get supplies. >>> The area around Virginia City, Nevada, was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> developed to supply resources to the city. >>> Virginia City needed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> support to survive. >>> >>> 25) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**fewer vs. less** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> Fewer is used with objects that can be counted. Less is used with quantities that cannot be counted. >>> Ex) fewer stagecoaches, fewer horses, fewer supplies, less land, less wood, less communication >>> >>> 26. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**gone vs. went** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gone is the past participle of go. It should be used as a verb only with a helping verb. Went is the past tense of go and is never used with a helping verb. >>> Nonstandard: Easterners gone west to find a better life. They could have went to a major eastern city to make a better life for themselves. >>> Correct: Easterners had gone west hoping to find a better life. Easterners went west to find a better life. They could have gone to a major eastern city to make a better life for themselves. >>> >>> 27) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**in vs. into** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In refers to position, Into suggests a motion >>> >>> POSITION: People often traveled wet in wagons >>> MOTION: They loaded their supplies into a covered wagon. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**irregardless** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Putting ir- on this word makes it a double negative. Use regardless instead. >>> Nonstandard: People settle in the West irregardless of the dangers. >>> Correct: People settle in the West, regardless of the dangers. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**29) just** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> When you use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to mean "no more than," place it right before the word or phrase it logically modifies. >>> >>> LESS ACCEPTABLE: Since there was little wood, houses were <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> made of sod. >>> PREFERRED: Since there was little wood, houses were made of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sod. >>> >>> 30. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**kind of and sort of** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These expressions should not be used to mean "rather" or "somewhat". >>> Nonstandard: Travel was kind of slow. >>> Correct: The travel was rather slow. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">31) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**lay vs. lie** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lay means "to put or set (something) down." Its principle parts- lay, laying, laid, and laid-are are usually followed by a direst object. Lie means "to recline." Its principal parts- lie, lying, lay, and lain- are never followed by a direct object. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">32.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**learn vs. teach** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learn means "to acquire knowledge." Teach means "to give knowledge to." >>> Examples: A person <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**learned** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> many different skills in order to survive in the West. >>> Settlers <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**taught** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> newcomers how to manage in the new terrain. >>> >>> 33) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**leave vs. let** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Leave means "to allow to remain." >>> Let means "to permit." >>> NONSTANDARD: >>> Cowboys leave the cattle wander over great tracts of land. >>> They let calves with the mothers, even if the father belongs to a different herd >>> CORRECT: >>> Cowboys let the cattle wander over great tracts of land. >>> They leave calves with the mothers, eve >>> >>> 34.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**like** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Like is a preposition and should not be used in place of the conjunction as. >>> NONSTANDARD: Crime in the West was widespread, like it was in the East. >>> CORRECT: Crime in the West was widespread, as it was in the East. >>> >>> 35) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**of** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> Do not use the preposition <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//of// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in place of the verb have. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Of// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> after outside, inside, off, or atop is also undesirable in formal writing. Simply eliminate it. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**NONSTANDARD** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: A single sheriff would of watched over a group of towns. >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**CORRECT:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A single sheriff would have watched over a group of towns. >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**LESS ACCEPTABLE:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One judge held court inside of a restaurant. >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**PREFERRED:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One judge held court inside a restaurant. >>> >>> >>> 36.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**only** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Be sure to place only in front of the word you mean to modify. >>> Examples: Only one cowboy wanted to go to town today. (No one else wanted to go to town.) >>> One cowboy only wanted to go to town. (He did not want to do anything else.) >>> >>> (37) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**seen** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is a past participle and can be used as a verb only with a helping verb >>> NONSTANDARD: The judge <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a number of criminals. >>> CORRECT: The judge <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//has seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a number of criminals. >>> >>> (38) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**set vs. sit** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Set means to put something in a certain place. Its pricipal parts-set,setting set-are usualy followed by a direct object. Sit means to be seated. Its principal parts-sit, sitting, sat- are never followed by a direct object. >>> Set: Set the tools in the barn. >>> He is setting the plow in the backyard. >>> His wife set the food on the table. >>> She had set the plates out earlier. >>> >>> Sit: They brought a rocking chair from the East to sit in. >>> She is sitting in it right now. >>> She sat in it whenever they stopped. >>> Her mother had sat in the chair before her. >>> >>> (39) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**so** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> So is a coordinating conjunction. It should be avoided when you mean "so that." >>> LESS ACCEPTABLE: Townsfolk formed vigilante groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//so// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they could enforce the law as they saw it. >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c52b23; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PREFERRED <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Townsfolk formed vigilante groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//so that// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they could enforce the law as the saw it. >>> >>> 40) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**than, then** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Use than in comparisons. Then, an adverb, usually refers to time. >>> Ex) The telegraph was faster than the pony express. The transcontinental telegraph was installed, and then the pony express went out of business. >>> >>> 41) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **that, which, and who** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Use these relative pronouns correctly. That and which refer to thing; who refers only to people. >>> >>> Examples: The wagon that carried the food for a cattle drive was called the chuck wagon. >>> The person who took care of the extra horses on a cattle drive was called a wrangler. >>> >>> 42) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**their, there, and they're** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Their, a possessive pronoun, always modifies a noun. There ca be used either as an expletive at the beginning of a sentence or as an adverb. They're is a contraction of they are. >>> PRONOUN: Farmers spent all their time working the land. >>> EXPLETIVE: There are many obstacles to a good harvest. >>> ADVERB: The fields over there will be planted tomorrow. >>> CONTRACTION: They're deciding what crops to plant this year >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**43) them** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> Do not use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//them// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a substitute for <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//those.// >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**NONSTANDARD:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Them// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> horses are extremely fast >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**CORRECT** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Those// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> horses are extremely fast. >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>> //**44)**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**to, too, and two** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> To, a preposition, begins a phrase or an infinitive. Too, an adverb, modifies adjectives and other adverbs. Two is a number >>> Preposition: to the homestead, to the minor >>> Infinitive: to dig, to plow >>> Adverb: too dry, too quickly >>> Number: two fields, two cows >>> >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">45) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**when and where** >>> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Do not use when or where directly after a linking verb. Do not use where in place of that. >>> NONSTANDARD: A barn raising is when farmers could socialize with neighbors. A general store is where the square dance was held after harvest time. >>> >>> CORRECT: A barn raising allowed farmers to socialize with their neighbors. A farmer could get supplies at a general store. He heard that the square dance was held after harvest time. **  > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f1d6a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**NOTES:** > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**a, an** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > The article <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//a// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is used before consonant sounds; <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//an// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is used before vowel sounds. Words beginning with <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//h// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//o// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//u// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can have either a consonant sound or vowel sound. > > 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**accept vs. except** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Accept is a verb meaning "to receive." > Except is a preposition meaning "other than" or "leaving out." > Verb: Settlers of the western frontier accepted the harsh realities of frontier life. > Preposition: They easily found all the natural resources they needed except water and wood > > (3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**adapt vs. adopt** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Adapt means "to change." Adopt means "to take as one's own." > § Example: Easterners quickly learned to adapt. > § Example: Newcomers adopted the customs of neighbors. > > (4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**affect vs. effect** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Affec// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">t, almost always a verb, means "to influence." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Effect// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> may be used as a noun or as a verb. As a noun, it mean "result." As a verb, it means "to bring about" or "to cause." > o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Verb:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Natural disasters <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//affected// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the farmers' success. > o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Noun:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Settlers knew the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//effects// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of nature and tried to combat them. > o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Verb:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The tractor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//effected// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a drastic change in farming. > 5 .Ain't. Ain't was originally a contraction of am not, but it is no longer considered standard English. > > 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**all ready vs. already** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//All ready// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, two separate words used as an adjective, is an expression meaning "ready". <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Already// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and adverb, means "even now " or "by or before this time". > ADJECTIVE: The cowboys were <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//all ready// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for the cattle drive. > ADVERB: Many of them had <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//already// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> driven cattle north. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**7) all right vs. alright** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Alright// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is nonstandard spelling. Make sure you use the two-word form (all right). > > (8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**all together vs. altogether** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//All together// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "together as a single group." <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Altogether// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "completely" or "in all." > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**EXAMPLES** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Cowhands had to work <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//all together// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to transport cattle over long distances. > They would fail <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//altogether// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> if they worked alone. > > 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**among vs. between** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Both of these words are prepositions. Among always implies three or more. Between is generally used only with two things. > Ex) Cows were branded so that the owners could pick out their cows from among crowds. Cowboys could transport the cows between the ranch and the railroad. > > 10. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**anxious vs. eager** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This adjective implies uneasiness, worry, or fear. Do not use it as a substitute for eager. > Less Acceptable: The cowboys were anxious to reach the next town. > Preferred: The cowboys were eager to reach the nest town. > The ranchers were anxious about cattle thieves. > > 11) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Never end these adverbs with an -s. > > NONSTANDARD: At first, the ranchers didn't use fences, so cattle could wander anywheres. > CORRECT: At first, ranchers didn't use fences, so cattle could wander anywhere. > > 12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**As to** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is awkward. Replace it with <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**about** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nonstandard: Miner had no worries as to the land. > Correct: Miners had no worries about the land. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**13) at:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Do not use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//at// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> after <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. simply eliminate it. > > NONSTANDARD: They didn't care <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they were at as long as they found precious metals. > CORRECT: They didn't care <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//where// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they were as long as they found precious metals. > > 14. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**awhile vs. a while** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Awhile is an adverb that means "for a while". It is never preceded by a preposition. A while is an article and a noun, usually used after prepositions such as for or after. > § Adverb: The miners stayed awhile and worked the mine. > § Noun: After a while, a boom town would grow up to serve the needs of a miner. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**bad vs. Badly** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bad is an adjective that means "incorrect," "ill," or "undesirable." Badly is an adverb that means "in a bad way," "or poorly." > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ADJECTIVE:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Miners papered their walls with newspapers to insulate themselves from bad winter. > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ADVERB:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Compared to today's insulation, the paper worked badly. > > > 17) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**being as vs. being that -** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Do not use either expression. Use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//because// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//since// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> instead. > > 18) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**beside vs. besides** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· Beside means "close to" or "at the side of." > · Besides means "in addition to." > o Examples > · Tombstone, Arizona, developed beside a mine. Besides mines, towns were started near transportation centers and major shipping points > > (19) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**bring vs. take** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o Bring means "to carry from a distant place to a nearer one." Take means the opposite: "to carry from a near place to a more distant place." > § Example: Cowboys would bring cattle over thousands of miles to a town with a train station. > · Example: The trains would then take the cattle to the East, where they would be sold for food. > > 20) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**different from vs. different than ( different form is preferred.)** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Less Acceptable:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A transportation town was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//different than// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a mining town because it was usually more permanent. > · <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Preferred:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A transportation town was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//different from// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a mining town because it was usually more permanent. > > 21. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**doesn't vs. don't.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > Doesn't is the correct verb form for third person singular subjects. Don't is used with all other subjects. > Nonstandard: A town don't thrive without townspeople. > It don't seem very prosperous. > He don't want to stay if there is no work. > Correct: A town doesn't thrive without townspeople. > It doesn't seem very prosperous. > He doesn't want to stay if there is no work. > > (22) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**done** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the past participle of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//do// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, should always follow a helping verb. > NONSTANDARD: Merchants <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the job of supplying farmers, miners, and cowhands. > CORRECT: Merchants <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//have done// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the job of supplying farmers, miners, and cowhands. > > > (23) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**due to** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to means caused by and should be used only when the word by can logically be substituted > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Nonstandard:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Due to the lack of natural resources, towns were often established in groups. > Correct: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**The establishment of towns in groups was due to the lack of natural resources.** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > > (24) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**farther vs. further** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Farther// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> refers to distance. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> means "to a greater degree or extent" or "additional." > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**EXAMPLES** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//farther// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> away a town was from transportation, the harder it was for people to get supplies. > The area around Virginia City, Nevada, was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> developed to supply resources to the city. > Virginia City needed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//further// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> support to survive. > > 25) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**fewer vs. less** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > Fewer is used with objects that can be counted. Less is used with quantities that cannot be counted. > Ex) fewer stagecoaches, fewer horses, fewer supplies, less land, less wood, less communication > > 26. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**gone vs. went** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gone is the past participle of go. It should be used as a verb only with a helping verb. Went is the past tense of go and is never used with a helping verb. > Nonstandard: Easterners gone west to find a better life. They could have went to a major eastern city to make a better life for themselves. > Correct: Easterners had gone west hoping to find a better life. Easterners went west to find a better life. They could have gone to a major eastern city to make a better life for themselves. > > 27) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**in vs. into** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In refers to position, Into suggests a motion > > POSITION: People often traveled wet in wagons > MOTION: They loaded their supplies into a covered wagon. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**irregardless** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Putting ir- on this word makes it a double negative. Use regardless instead. > Nonstandard: People settle in the West irregardless of the dangers. > Correct: People settle in the West, regardless of the dangers. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**29) just** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > When you use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to mean "no more than," place it right before the word or phrase it logically modifies. > > LESS ACCEPTABLE: Since there was little wood, houses were <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> made of sod. > PREFERRED: Since there was little wood, houses were made of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//just// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sod. > > 30. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**kind of and sort of** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These expressions should not be used to mean "rather" or "somewhat". > Nonstandard: Travel was kind of slow. > Correct: The travel was rather slow. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">31) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**lay vs. lie** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #100f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lay means "to put or set (something) down." Its principle parts- lay, laying, laid, and laid-are are usually followed by a direst object. Lie means "to recline." Its principal parts- lie, lying, lay, and lain- are never followed by a direct object. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">32.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**learn vs. teach** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learn means "to acquire knowledge." Teach means "to give knowledge to." > Examples: A person <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**learned** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> many different skills in order to survive in the West. > Settlers <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**taught** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> newcomers how to manage in the new terrain. > > 33) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**leave vs. let** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Leave means "to allow to remain." > Let means "to permit." > NONSTANDARD: > Cowboys leave the cattle wander over great tracts of land. > They let calves with the mothers, even if the father belongs to a different herd > CORRECT: > Cowboys let the cattle wander over great tracts of land. > They leave calves with the mothers, eve > > 34.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**like** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Like is a preposition and should not be used in place of the conjunction as. > NONSTANDARD: Crime in the West was widespread, like it was in the East. > CORRECT: Crime in the West was widespread, as it was in the East. > > 35) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**of** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > Do not use the preposition <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//of// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in place of the verb have. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Of// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> after outside, inside, off, or atop is also undesirable in formal writing. Simply eliminate it. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**NONSTANDARD** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: A single sheriff would of watched over a group of towns. > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**CORRECT:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A single sheriff would have watched over a group of towns. > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**LESS ACCEPTABLE:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One judge held court inside of a restaurant. > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**PREFERRED:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> One judge held court inside a restaurant. > > > 36.) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**only** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Be sure to place only in front of the word you mean to modify. > Examples: Only one cowboy wanted to go to town today. (No one else wanted to go to town.) > One cowboy only wanted to go to town. (He did not want to do anything else.) > > (37) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**seen** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is a past participle and can be used as a verb only with a helping verb > NONSTANDARD: The judge <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a number of criminals. > CORRECT: The judge <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//has seen// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a number of criminals. > > (38) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**set vs. sit** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Set means to put something in a certain place. Its pricipal parts-set,setting set-are usualy followed by a direct object. Sit means to be seated. Its principal parts-sit, sitting, sat- are never followed by a direct object. > Set: Set the tools in the barn. > He is setting the plow in the backyard. > His wife set the food on the table. > She had set the plates out earlier. > > Sit: They brought a rocking chair from the East to sit in. > She is sitting in it right now. > She sat in it whenever they stopped. > Her mother had sat in the chair before her. > > (39) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**so** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > So is a coordinating conjunction. It should be avoided when you mean "so that." > LESS ACCEPTABLE: Townsfolk formed vigilante groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//so// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they could enforce the law as they saw it. > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c52b23; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PREFERRED <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Townsfolk formed vigilante groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//so that// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they could enforce the law as the saw it. > > 40) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**than, then** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Use than in comparisons. Then, an adverb, usually refers to time. > Ex) The telegraph was faster than the pony express. The transcontinental telegraph was installed, and then the pony express went out of business. > > 41) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **that, which, and who** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Use these relative pronouns correctly. That and which refer to thing; who refers only to people. > > Examples: The wagon that carried the food for a cattle drive was called the chuck wagon. > The person who took care of the extra horses on a cattle drive was called a wrangler. > > 42) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**their, there, and they're** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Their, a possessive pronoun, always modifies a noun. There ca be used either as an expletive at the beginning of a sentence or as an adverb. They're is a contraction of they are. > PRONOUN: Farmers spent all their time working the land. > EXPLETIVE: There are many obstacles to a good harvest. > ADVERB: The fields over there will be planted tomorrow. > CONTRACTION: They're deciding what crops to plant this year > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**43) them** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > Do not use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//them// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a substitute for <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//those.// > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**NONSTANDARD:** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Them// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> horses are extremely fast > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**CORRECT** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Those// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> horses are extremely fast. > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> > //**44)**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**to, too, and two** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> To, a preposition, begins a phrase or an infinitive. Too, an adverb, modifies adjectives and other adverbs. Two is a number > Preposition: to the homestead, to the minor > Infinitive: to dig, to plow > Adverb: too dry, too quickly > Number: two fields, two cows > > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">45) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**when and where** > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #110f13; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Do not use when or where directly after a linking verb. Do not use where in place of that. > NONSTANDARD: A barn raising is when farmers could socialize with neighbors. A general store is where the square dance was held after harvest time. > > CORRECT: A barn raising allowed farmers to socialize with their neighbors. A farmer could get supplies at a general store. He heard that the square dance was held after harvest time. **
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #e1251d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**HOMONYMS** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">are words that look the same, but they have different meanings.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0024f4; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**HOMOPHONES** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are words that sound the same, but they have different spellings and meanings.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Resource:**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; white-space: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; white-space: normal;">
 * <span style="display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; white-space: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Carroll, Joyce Armstrong, et. al.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> //**Writing and Grammar: Platinum Level**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004. Print.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; white-space: normal;">